This is from 2002.
From Norwegian Newspaper Dagbladet.
Abraham: old testament, central in both Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
Both Jew's and arabs thinks of Abraham as their forefather. Some scientist actually believe he existed, and was alive 1800-2000 b.c. Supposed to be buried in Hebron
Al-Aqsa martyr brigades: Military organization connected to Arafat's Fatah- movement.
Concentrated earlier about israeli goals in Palestine, but expanded to suicide actions inside Israel. The name is from the Al-Aqsa mosque on the temple Mount in Jerusalem. This mosque is Islam's 3 most sacred place.
Arafat, Yasser: The symbol of Palestine, and the leader in Palestine for decades.
Elected president in 1996. Was also leader of PLA and Fatah (the biggest group in PLO)
Born Aug 24th 1929 in Kairo (claims it was Jerusalem, himself) Founded Fatah in 1959, the groups first armed action towards Israel in 1965. Elected leader of PLO 2 years later.
Arafat's regime has been criticized for corruption and violation of the human rights. Supported Saddam Hussein after the invasion of Kuwait in 1990.
B)
Barak, Ehud. Israeli prime-minister may 1999-feb 2001. Elected leader of the labour party in 1997. Leader of the top secret command-force Sayeret Matkal, Israel's military intelligence service Aman, and death-quadroons that liquidated Palestinian leaders abroad. Tried as prime minister to keep the Oslo-agreement alive, but couldn't get a final agreement with Arafat.
Barghouti, Marwan. Leader of Arafat's fatah-fraction on the west bank. Was one of the organizers for the first intifada in 1987-92, was in-prisoned and thrown out of Jordan. Returned to the West bank after the Oslo agreement, and was popular for his skepticism towards Israel intentions during the peace actions, and for his opposition towards corruption and violations of the human rights under Arafat's regime. Controls Fatahs Tanzim militia that organize the rock throwing youth in the Palestinian areas and is suspected to be the leader of the Al-Aqsa martyr brigades. Barghouti is in the palestinian law-making PLC and was mentioned as a possible president after Arafat.
C)
Camp David: The president of USA's vacation home. Used for negotiations. In 1978, Jimmy Carter made Egypt and Israel sign a peace agreement at Camp David. In 2000 Yasser Arafat said NO to a negotiating offer from Israels prime-minister Ehud Barak. The offer would have given the palestinians most of Gaza and the West Bank, but not control over some parts of Jerusalem and no right for return for Palestinian refugees and their offspring in Syria, Libanon and Jordan. A group involving aprox 3.5 mill people.
D)
Dimona. Israel's Atom- station in the Negev-desert. Israel is the only Atompower in the middle east.
F)
Fatah: The largest fraction in PLO, formad 1959.
G)
Gaza: in 1948 UN's delegation plan pointed Gaza as part of the State of Palestine. This state was never made, and the area was occupied by Egypt the year after. Later known as the Gaza strip. First time occupied by Israel in 1956, but the country backed out due to international pressure. Re-occupied after the six-days war in 1967. Is one of the worlds most populated places with more than one million palestinians living on 75% of the land-area on 363 km2. The 25% thats left is mostly Israelis (4000-6000) that arrived after the occupation in 1967.
The Golan-heights: Syrian area occupied by Israel since 1967. Low population, strategically important. Annexation by Israel in 1981.
H)
Hamas: (Wikipedia 2008) Hamas (حركة حماس; acronym: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni paramilitary organization and political party which currently holds a majority of seats in the elected legislative council of the Palestinian National Authority.
Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin and Mohammad Taha of the Palestinian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood at the beginning of the First Intifada. Notorious for its numerous suicide bombings and other attacks on Israeli civilians and security forces, Hamas also runs extensive social programs and has gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services[4] throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hamas' charter calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Hamas describes its conflict with Israel as political and not religious or anti-semitic. However, its founding charter, writings, and many of its public statements reflect the influence of antisemitic conspiracy theories.
Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin and Mohammad Taha of the Palestinian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood at the beginning of the First Intifada. Notorious for its numerous suicide bombings and other attacks on Israeli civilians and security forces, Hamas also runs extensive social programs and has gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services[4] throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Hamas' charter calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Hamas describes its conflict with Israel as political and not religious or anti-semitic. However, its founding charter, writings, and many of its public statements reflect the influence of antisemitic conspiracy theories.
حركة المقاومة الاسلامية
Leader Khaled Mashaal,
Ismail Haniyah,
Mahmoud Zahar
Founded 1987
Headquarters Gaza
Ideology Palestinian nationalism,
Sunni Islamism,
Website
www.palestine-info.com
www.filistinetkinlik.com
www.hamasonline.net
Hebron: Hometown for Abrahams grave, an important holy place for muslims, jew's and christians. The splitted synagogue/mosque over Abrahams grave was the scene of a big massacre when jewish Baruch Goldstein shot and killed 29 palestinians in 1994. This lead to the foundation of tje intermnational observe-force TIPH
Haram al-Sharif: The Arabs name for the temple mount in jerusalem. The jew's temple used to be here, now the Al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock is here.
-The Temple Mount (Hebrew: הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit), also called the Noble Sanctuary (Arabic: الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram al-qudsī ash-sharīf), is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. Due to its importance for Judaism and Islam it is one of the most contested religious sites in the world.
The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism. Jewish Midrash holds that it was from here that the world expanded into its present form, and that this was where God gathered the dust he used to create the first man, Adam. The Torah records that it was here that God chose to rest His Divine Presence, and consequently two Jewish Temples were built at the site. Observant Jews believe that the Third Temple, which they hope will be the final one, will also be located here. In recent times, due to difficulties in ascertaining the precise location of the Mount's holiest spot, many Jews will not set foot on the Mount itself.
In Islam, the site is revered as the location of Islamic prophet Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven and is associated with other local Muslim figures of antiquity. The site is the location of the al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock, the oldest extant Islamic structure in the world.
Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim sovereignty over the site, which remains a key issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In 1967, the Israeli government assigned a Muslim council, known as the Muslim Waqf, management of the site. The government enforces a controversial ban on prayer by non-Muslim visitors.
In Islam, the site is revered as the location of Islamic prophet Muhammad's journey to Jerusalem and ascent to heaven and is associated with other local Muslim figures of antiquity. The site is the location of the al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock, the oldest extant Islamic structure in the world.
Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim sovereignty over the site, which remains a key issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In 1967, the Israeli government assigned a Muslim council, known as the Muslim Waqf, management of the site. The government enforces a controversial ban on prayer by non-Muslim visitors.
Hezbollah: Hezbollah (Arabic: حزب الله ḥizba-llāh, literally "party of God") is a Shi'a Islamic political and paramilitary organisation based in Lebanon. The group is considered a terrorist organization by the United States, Israel, Canada, and the Netherlands. The United Kingdom has placed its military wing on its list of proscribed terrorist organisations, while Australia considers part of its military structure, the External Security Organisation, a terrorist organization. It is a significant force in Lebanese politics, providing social services, which operate schools, hospitals, and agricultural services for thousands of Lebanese Shiites. It is regarded as a legitimate resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim world.
Hezbollah first emerged as a militia in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, also known as Operation Peace for Galilee, in 1982, set on resisting the Israeli occupation of Lebanon during the Lebanese civil war. Its leaders were inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its three main goals as "putting an end to any colonialist entity" in Lebanon, bringing the Phalangists to justice for "the crimes they [had] perpetrated," and the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon. Recently, however, Hezbollah has made little mention of establishing an Islamic state, and forged alliances across religious lines.Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist entity... built on lands wrested from their owners."
Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and gained a surge of support from Lebanon's broader population (Sunni, Christian, Druze) immediately following the 2006 Lebanon War, and is able to mobilize demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.It has also gained significantly in military strength the last few years. In May of 2008 Hezbollah invaded Beirut, crushing and humiliating the followers of Lebanon's main Sunni political leader, Saad Hariri, forcing his television off the air, and burning his TV archives building. Since then, the sectarian rift has widened. Hezbollah receives its financial support from Iran, Syria, and the donations of Lebanese and other Shi'a. Hezbollah has "operated with neighbouring Syria's blessing" since the end of the Civil War. Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development. Despite a June 2008 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory, in August of that year, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands." Since 1992, the organization has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.
Hezbollah first emerged as a militia in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, also known as Operation Peace for Galilee, in 1982, set on resisting the Israeli occupation of Lebanon during the Lebanese civil war. Its leaders were inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its three main goals as "putting an end to any colonialist entity" in Lebanon, bringing the Phalangists to justice for "the crimes they [had] perpetrated," and the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon. Recently, however, Hezbollah has made little mention of establishing an Islamic state, and forged alliances across religious lines.Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist entity... built on lands wrested from their owners."
Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and gained a surge of support from Lebanon's broader population (Sunni, Christian, Druze) immediately following the 2006 Lebanon War, and is able to mobilize demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.It has also gained significantly in military strength the last few years. In May of 2008 Hezbollah invaded Beirut, crushing and humiliating the followers of Lebanon's main Sunni political leader, Saad Hariri, forcing his television off the air, and burning his TV archives building. Since then, the sectarian rift has widened. Hezbollah receives its financial support from Iran, Syria, and the donations of Lebanese and other Shi'a. Hezbollah has "operated with neighbouring Syria's blessing" since the end of the Civil War. Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development. Despite a June 2008 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory, in August of that year, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands." Since 1992, the organization has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.
I)
IDF: Israeli Defense Force. Analytics say that an arabic attack on Israel is relatively unthinkable due to Israel's military superiority and atom-capacity.
Intifada: Intifada (انتفاضة intifāḍat) is an Arabic word for shaking off, though it is generally translated into English as rebellion. According to a 2007 article in the Washington Post, "the word "intifada" crystallized in its current Arabic meaning during the first Palestinian uprising in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is a valid term for popular resistance to oppression.
J)
Jerusalem: Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem has been repeatedly condemned by the United Nations and related bodies, and Palestinians foresee East Jerusalem as the capital of their future state. In the wake of United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 (passed in 1980), most foreign embassies moved out of Jerusalem, although some countries, such as the United States, still own land in the city and pledge to return their embassies once political agreements warrant the move.
Both palestinians and Israelis wants Jerusalem as their capitol.
Both palestinians and Israelis wants Jerusalem as their capitol.
Summer 2000 Israels president at the time, Ehud Barak said at Camp David that Israel would rule Jerusalem, Including the temple mount. 3 month later he suggested to give the palestinians control over the temple mount.
Jihad: Jihad (Arabic: جهاد IPA: [ʤɪhæːd]), an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. In Arabic, the word jihad is a noun meaning "the struggle" Jihad appears frequently in the Qu'ran and common usage as the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of Allah (al-jihad fi sabil Allah)". A person engaged in jihad is called a mujahid, the plural is mujahideen.
A minority among the Sunni scholars sometimes refer to this duty as the sixth pillar of Islam, though it occupies no such official status. In Twelver Shi'a Islam, however, Jihad is one of the 11 Practices of the Religion.
According to scholar John Esposito, Jihad requires Muslims to "struggle in the way of God" or "to struggle to improve one's self and/or society." Jihad is directed against Satan's inducements, aspects of one's own self, or against a visible enemy. The four major categories of jihad that are recognized are Jihad against one's self (Jihad al-Nafs), Jihad of the tongue (Jihad al-lisan), Jihad of the hand (Jihad al-yad), and Jihad of the sword (which envolves combat against the non-Muslims)(Jihad as-sayf). Islamic military jurisprudence focuses on regulating the conditions and practice of Jihad as-sayf, the only form of warfare permissible under Islamic law, and thus the term Jihad is usually used in fiqh manuals in reference to military combat.
A minority among the Sunni scholars sometimes refer to this duty as the sixth pillar of Islam, though it occupies no such official status. In Twelver Shi'a Islam, however, Jihad is one of the 11 Practices of the Religion.
According to scholar John Esposito, Jihad requires Muslims to "struggle in the way of God" or "to struggle to improve one's self and/or society." Jihad is directed against Satan's inducements, aspects of one's own self, or against a visible enemy. The four major categories of jihad that are recognized are Jihad against one's self (Jihad al-Nafs), Jihad of the tongue (Jihad al-lisan), Jihad of the hand (Jihad al-yad), and Jihad of the sword (which envolves combat against the non-Muslims)(Jihad as-sayf). Islamic military jurisprudence focuses on regulating the conditions and practice of Jihad as-sayf, the only form of warfare permissible under Islamic law, and thus the term Jihad is usually used in fiqh manuals in reference to military combat.
Jordan: Israels neighbour country Jordan ruled up to the threedays war East-Jerusalem and the west bank. The most of the population of 4.5 million, is palestinians originally from Gaza and the west bank.
L)
Lebanon: Lebanon (IPA: /ˈlɛbənɒn/ Arabic: لبنان Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (الجمهورية اللبنانية), is a country in Western Asia, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. It is close to Cyprus through the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its sectarian diversity, Lebanon evolved in 1943 a unique political system, known as confessionalism, based on a community-based power-sharing mechanism. It was created when the ruling French mandatory powers expanded the borders of the former autonomous Ottoman Mount Lebanon district that was mostly populated by Maronite Christians and Druze.
Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which flourished for more than 2,000 years (2700-450 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise present-day Lebanon were mandated to France. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops withdrew in 1946.
Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by the tourism, agriculture, and banking sectors of the economy. It is considered the banking capital of the Levant and was widely known as the "Switzerland of the East" due to its financial power and diversity. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "Paris of the East." Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.
Before July 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an increasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. This was until the one month long 2006 Lebanon War with Israel which caused significant civilian loss of life and serious damage to Lebanon's civil infrastructure. The conflict lasted from 12 July 2006 until a cessation of hostilities call, by the UN Security Council, went into effect on 14 August 2006. After some turbulent political times, Lebanon is once again able to revive and restablize its economy and government.
Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which flourished for more than 2,000 years (2700-450 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise present-day Lebanon were mandated to France. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops withdrew in 1946.
Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by the tourism, agriculture, and banking sectors of the economy. It is considered the banking capital of the Levant and was widely known as the "Switzerland of the East" due to its financial power and diversity. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "Paris of the East." Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.
Before July 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an increasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. This was until the one month long 2006 Lebanon War with Israel which caused significant civilian loss of life and serious damage to Lebanon's civil infrastructure. The conflict lasted from 12 July 2006 until a cessation of hostilities call, by the UN Security Council, went into effect on 14 August 2006. After some turbulent political times, Lebanon is once again able to revive and restablize its economy and government.
M)
Mossad: is the national intelligence agency of Israel. "Mossad" is the Hebrew word for institute or institution. Membership in the Mossad is very prestigious in Israeli society and the agency is known to rank among the most advanced and notorious intelligence agencies in existence.
O)
The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP) was a milestone in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians. It was the first time that some Palestinian factions publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist. It was intended to be a framework for the future relations between Israel and the anticipated Palestinian state, when all outstanding final status issues between the two states would be addressed and resolved in one agreement.
The Accords were finalized in Oslo, Norway on 20 August 1993, and subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with Yasser Arafat signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signing for the State of Israel. It was witnessed by Warren Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of US President Bill Clinton.
The Oslo Accords were a framework for the future relations between the two parties. The Accords provided for the creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority would have responsibility for the administration of the territory under its control. It also called for the withdrawal of the Israel Defence Forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank.
TO BE CONTINUED ---->
Thank to Wikipedia.
O)
The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP) was a milestone in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians. It was the first time that some Palestinian factions publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist. It was intended to be a framework for the future relations between Israel and the anticipated Palestinian state, when all outstanding final status issues between the two states would be addressed and resolved in one agreement.
The Accords were finalized in Oslo, Norway on 20 August 1993, and subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with Yasser Arafat signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signing for the State of Israel. It was witnessed by Warren Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of US President Bill Clinton.
The Oslo Accords were a framework for the future relations between the two parties. The Accords provided for the creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority would have responsibility for the administration of the territory under its control. It also called for the withdrawal of the Israel Defence Forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank.
TO BE CONTINUED ---->
Thank to Wikipedia.
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